Referral Institute in Juvenile Justice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60131/jlaw.2.2024.8327Keywords:
Deviation, delinquent, readdressing, juvenile, juvenile justice.Abstract
Physiological transformation in juveniles from adolescence to adulthood[1],, namely, emotional, cognitive and physiological metamorphosis[2] leads to deviation, and quite often, criminality. Albeit, factors provoking an adolescent to become a delinquent are rarely of a general nature – is not the family as a primary source of socialization[3] playing a vital role in refining the adolescent as a decent society member? It is a question whether primary educational level[4] either friend bunch[5] give an example to juvenile and create inner self[6] which provides adolescent’s compass direction in this or that way?
[1] United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines), General Assembly Resolution №45112, Adopted 14 December 1990, Article I.5 (e) <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/united-nations-guidelines-prevention-juvenile-delinquency-riyadh> [26.05.2022].
[2] Richards K., What Makes Juvenile Offenders different from Adult Offernders? Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice no. 409., Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011 < https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi409> [26.05.2022].
[3] United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines), General Assembly Resolution №45112, Adopted 14 December 1990, Article IV.A (12) <https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/united-nations-guidelines-prevention-juvenile-delinquency-riyadh> [26.05.2022].
[4] Ibid, B.
[5] Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice, National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washingtom DC., 2001, 80-83 < https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9747/chapter/5#67> [26.06.2022].
[6] Shalikashvili M., Criminology, 3rd Ed., Meridiani, Tb., 2017, 34-35.
References
UN convention on Rights of a Child (20/11/1989);
Law of Georgia „Administrative Procedure Code“ (23/07/1999);
Law of Georgia „Juvenile Justice Code“ (12/06/2015);
Law of Georgia on „Rights of a Child“ (20/09/2019);
Law of Georgia on “General Education“ (08/04/2005);
Law of Georgia on „Police“ (04/10/2013);
Law of Georgia “Civil Code“ (26/06/1997);
Law of Georgia „Criminal Procedure Code“ (09/10/2009);
Law of Georgia „Criminal Code“ (22/07/1999);
Resolution №573 of the Government of Georgia, Legislative Herald of Georgia,;
Resolution №316 of the Government of Georgia on “Composition and Approval of the Statute of the Inter-agency Coordination Council Implementing the Reform of the Criminal Justice System“;
Resolution №681 of the Government of Georgia on „Approving Rule of Readressing Juveniles”;
Decree №235 of the President of Georgia on Approving Juvenile Crime Prevention Strategy”;
“Law on Juvenile Courts” of Croatia http://www.vsrh.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV/Files/Legislation__Juvenile-Courts-Act.pdf [04.06.2022].
Juvenile Justice, Gerenal Prosecutor’s Office of Georgia, 2020, 41-42;
Explanatory note on the Project of the Law of Georgia the Code of Juvenile Justice, 57;
Explanatory note to law project on making changes to „the Procedure for Enforcing Non-Custodial Sentences and Probation”;
Temporary Investigative Parliamentary Commission on Studying the Case of Murdering Two Juvelines on Khorava Street, Tbilisi, 17th December, 2017, Conclusion and Recommendations, Tb., 5th September, 2018, 2, 13;
Aristotle, Policy, Part I, Tb., 1995, 12-13;
Child-friendly Justice, Legislation Research, UN Children’s Fund, 2017, 3 https://www.unicef.org/georgia/media/1481/file/Legislative%20Analysis%20GEO.pdf [04.06.2022];
Bjorgo T., Crime Prevention, Comprehensive Approach, Georgian-Norwegian Rule of Law Association, 2019, 46;
Bobokhidze M. (Ed.), Lursmanashvili L. (Transl.), Handbook of European Law on the Rights of the Child, 2015, 165;
Vardanashvili U., Juvenile Justice, Diversion and Mediation Institute in Juvenile Justice, Tb., 2018, 3-7;
Metreveli V., Davitashvili G., Political and Legal Doctrine History (Lectures Course), Tb., Meridiani, 1999, 41;
Governmental Programme, 2019-2020, September 2019, 13;
Children Living and Working in the Streets of Georgia, UN Children’s Fund, Tb., 2018, 6 https://shorturl.at/lpEJN;
Shalikashvili M., Criminology, 3rd Ed., Meridiani, Tb., 2017, 34-35, 93, 146-148;
Shalikashvili M., Mikanadze G., Juvenile Justice, 2nd Ed., Tbilisi, Freiburg, Strasbourg, 2016, 4-6, 16-18, 25-26, 56-58, 120;
Kherkheulidze I., Juvenile Crime and its Provoking Factors in Juvenile Justice Systems, Journal of Law, №2, 2012, 305-309;
Javakhishvili J., Makhashvili N., Juvenile Delinquency Prevention, Psycho-Social Service Experience, Tb., 2011, 1, 13-29;
The Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, 15.03.2021, https://mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=11912&lang=geo;
Web-page of General Prosecutor Office of Georgia, News, 16 March 2021 https://pog.gov.ge/news/sasamarTlom-giorgi-shaqarashvilis-jgufur-mkvlelobashi-msjavrdebul-or-arasrulwlovans-sasjelis-saxiT-1;
The Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia, 16.04.2021, https://mes.gov.ge/content.php?id=12023&lang=geo;
Web-page of General Prosecutor Office of Georgia, News, 11 January, 2022 https://pog.gov.ge/news/prokuraturis-mier-wardgenili-mtkicebulebebis-safuZvelze-daviT-saraliZis-ganzrax-damamZimebel-garem;
Decision №1/4/592 of the Constitutional Court of Georgia on the Case “Georgian citizen Beka Tsikarishvili against Parliament of Georgia” dated 24.10.2015;
Decision №1/13/732 of the Constitutional Court of Georgia on the Case “Georgian citizen Givi Shanidze against Parliament of Georgia” dated 30.11.2017.
Children and Young Persons’ Act, 1933, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/23-24/12#commentary-c6086411;
Convention on the Rights of the Child, General Assembly Resolution 44/25, adopted 20 November 1989, United Nations;
Criminal Code of Ukraine, Vidomosti of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (VRU), 2001, https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/16257/preview; Criminal Code, Turkey, (26/09/2004) https://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/6872/preview ;
Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act, 1995 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/46/contents;
Organic Law 5/2000, of January 12, regulating the criminal responsibility of minors, https://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lo5-2000.t1.html#a3;
Serbia: Law of 2005 on Juvenile Criminal Offenders and Criminal Protection of Juveniles [Serbia], 2005 https://www.refworld.org/docid/4b56c9952.html;
The Criminal Justice (Children) (Northern Ireland) Order, 1998 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/1998/1504/article/45;
The Penal Code, Poland, https://www.imolin.org/doc/amlid/Poland_Penal_Code1.pdf (06/06/1997);
Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации, http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody&nd=102041891 (24/05/1996);
General Comment No. 24 (2019) on Children’s Rights in the Child Justice System, Committee on the Rights of the Child, 18 September 2019, 6-7 https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G19/275/57/PDF/G1927557.pdf?OpenElement;
United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines), General Assembly Resolution №45112, Adopted 14 December 1990;
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice ("The Beijing Rules"), Article 4 Age of Criminal Responsibility and Commentary;
Adolescence and Delinquency, 1, 4-7, https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/1/3/7/0137074298.pdf;
Adolescent Development & Competency, Juvenile Justice Guide Book for Legislators, National Conference of State Legislatures, 2, 4-5 https://www.ncsl.org/documents/cj/jjguidebook-adolescent.pdf;
Adolescent Education and Skills, Unicef https://www.unicef.org/education/skills-development;
Balasundaram P., Avulakunta I.D., Human Growth and Development, National Library of Medicine, 14 January, 2022 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK567767/;
Browne E., Millington K.A., Human Development and Age, Social Development and Human Development, 2015 https://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/social-development-and-human-development/human-development-and-age/;
Children’s Hearing Scotland, https://www.chscotland.gov.uk/about-us/;
Children’s Rights in Juvenile Justice, General Comment №10, Committee on the Rights of the Child, 15 January-2 February 2007, United Nations, CRC;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 6 (2005); 2013 EU Asylum Procedure Directive 2013/32/EU (recast); 2011 EU Anti-trafficking Directive; Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings ; UNHCR Guidelines on Child Asylum Claims; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Conclusion on Children at Risk No. 107 (LVIII), 2007, 5 October 2007; UNHCR, Guidelines on Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum, 1997; Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Unaccompanied Children in Europe: Issues of arrival, stay and return, Resolution 1810(2011), 15 April 2011; SCEP Statement of Good Practice, 2009; 2011 EU Qualifications Directive;
Committee on the Rights of the Child, General Comment No. 14 (2013);
Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly, Unaccompanied Children in Europe: Issues of arrival, stay and return, Resolution 1810(2011), 15 April 2011;
Crime and Deviance, AQA GCSE Sociology Unit, 2 May 2013, 3-4, http://www.bishopstopfords.enfield.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Crime_and_deviance.pdf;
How to Deal with Challengin Behaviuor in Adults? NHS https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/social-care-and-support-guide/practical-tips-if-you-care-for-someone/how-to-deal-with-challenging-behaviour-in-adults/;
Georgia: Lowering the Age of Criminal Responsibility Flouts International Standards, News of the Human Rights Watch,10 June 2007, https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/06/10/georgia-lowering-age-criminal-responsibility-flouts-international-standards;
Gogua I., Juvenile Delinquency – Causes, Prevention, and the Ways of Rehabilitation, Penal Reform International, 23 June 2020 https://www.penalreform.org/blog/juvenile-delinquency-causes-prevention-and-the-ways-of/;
Gopnik A., Griffiths T.L., Lucas Ch.G., When Younger Learners Can Be Better (or at Least More Open-Minded) Than Older Ones, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2015, Vol. 24(2), 87-92 https://cocosci.princeton.edu/tom/papers/LabPublications/GopnicketalYoungLearners.pdf;
Guide to Article 2 of the European Convention of Human Rights, Rigot to Life, Prepared by the Registry, 31 December 2021, 8-9, 11;
Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on Child-Friendly Justice, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 17 November 2010 and explanatory memorandum, 17 November 2010, 7;
Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice, National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, Washington DC., 2001, 80-83 https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9747/chapter/5#67;
Legal Minimum Age and the Realization of Adolescents’ Rights, UNICEF, https://www.unicef.org/lac/media/2771/file/PDF%20Minimum%20age%20for%20criminal%20responsibility.pdf;
McElrea F., Restorative Justice — the New Zealand Youth Court: A model for development in other courts?, (1994) 4 Journal of Judicial Administration, 33;
Meier B.., Vasmatkar A.D., Juvenile Justice in Different Cultural Contexts: A Comparison of India and Germany, Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik, Vol.6, 2011, 491 https://zis-online.com/dat/artikel/2011_6_584.pdf;
Palmer D., Walters R., Crime Prevention Camps for Youth “at Risk”: Blurring the Boundaries of Care and Control იხ. Simpson C., Hil R (eds.), Ways of Resistance: Social Control and Young People in Australia Hale & Iremonger Sydney 1995, 16;
Pidd H., Halliday J., Wolfe-Robinson M., Parveen N., Age of Criminal Responsibility Must be Raised, Experts Say, the Guardian, 4 November 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/nov/04/age-of-criminal-responsibility-must-be-raised-say-experts;
Ramsey A., Cognitive Development, December 2020 https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/c/cognitive;
Recommendation CM/Rec (2003)20 of the Committee of Ministers to member States concerning new ways of dealing with juvenile delinquency and the role of juvenile justice, adopted by the Committee of Ministers (2003));
Richards K., What Makes Juvenile Offenders different from Adult Offenders? Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice no. 409., Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011 https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi409; Justice for Children, Manual, UNICEF, 35, https://www.unicef.org/northmacedonia/media/2881/file/MK_JusticeChildrenManual_2010_EN.pdf;
Rocque M., Posick C., Justin Hoyle J., Age and Crime, Major Reference Works, Wiley Online Library, 2 October 2015, 1, 2-4 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/9781118519639.wbecpx275;
Smith T., Brownless L., Age Assessment Practices: a Literature Review & Annotated Bibliograph, Discussion Paper, Unicef, April 2011, 1-4, 7-9, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/knowledge-products/UNICEF-Age-Assessment-Practices-2010.pdf;
Steinberg L., Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2009, 5:459-85, 465-467, 469-470, 474-477;
Tapper J., James Bulger Murder, The Guardian, 7 March 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/mar/07/i-shouldnt-have-let-go-of-him-the-pain-of-james-bulgers-mother-28-years-on;
The Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility, Justice for Children Briefing №4, Penal Reform International, 1 https://cdn.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/justice-for-children-briefing-4-v6-web_0.pdf;
Tyler T. R., Procedural Fairness and Compliance with the Law, Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 133, (2/2), 1997, 219-220, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.322.4235&rep=rep1&type=pdf;
UNICEF, 15 Years of Juvenile Justice Reforms in Europe and Central Asia. Key Results Achieved for Children and Remaining Challenges https://www.unicef.org/eca/sites/unicef.org.eca/files/2018-11/Key%20Results%20in%20Juvenile%20Justice%20in%20Europe%20and%20Central%20Asia_0.pdf;
United Nations Children’s Fund, Age Assessment: A technical note, 2013, p. 13;
Waters T., Waters D., Weber’s Rationalism and Modern Society, chp.7, 2015, 9, https://www.academia.edu/26954620/Politics_as_Vocation.pdf. Juvenile Justice in Different Countries Age of Criminal responsibility and Treatment of Juvenile Offenders, Centre for Child Rights, https://www.haqcrc.org/juvenile-justice/juvenile-justice-different-countries-age-criminal-responsibility-treatment-juvenile-offenders/;
Wenke D., Age Assessment: Council of Europe Member State’s Policies, Procedures and Practices Respectful of Childrens’ Rights in the Contex of Migration, Council of Europe, Childrens’ Rights Division, 11-14, https://rm.coe.int/168074b723;
Youth Offending Teams, the United Kingdom, Gov.UK., https://www.gov.uk/youth-offending-team;
Young People and the Law, Scotland https://www.mygov.scot/young-people-police;
Young People and the Law, the United Kingdom, Gov.UK., https://www.gov.uk/child-under-10-breaks-law;
Child Rights International Network (CRIN) https://archive.crin.org/en/home/ages/asia.html;
Global Issues, Youth, United Nations https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/youth.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
