ევროკავშირთან ასოცირების შეთანხმებით ნაკისრ ვალდებულებათა შესრულების ანალიზი შრომის უსაფრთხოების სფეროში (სამართლებრივი შესაბამისობა და აღსრულების ეფექტიანობა)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60131/jlaw.1.2024.7941საკვანძო სიტყვები:
შრომის უსაფრთხოება, შრომის ინსპექცია, არაფორმალური დასაქმება, შრომის სამართლის რეფორმა, შრომის უსაფრთხო გარემო, არაფორმალური დასაქმება, შრომის საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაცია, მძიმე, მავნე და საშიშპირობებიანი სამუშაო.ანოტაცია
წინამდებარე კვლევა მიზნად ისახავს ევროკავშირთან ასოცირების შეთანხმებით ნაკისრ ვალდებულებათა შესრულების ანალიზს შრომის უსაფრთხოების სფეროში, ევროპის საბჭოს დირექტივებთან და შრომის საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაციის კონვენციებთან საქართველოს კანონმდებლობის სამართლებრივი შესაბამისობისა და შრომის უსაფრთხოების სტანდარტების აღსრულების ეფექტიანობის კვლევას 2015-2023 წლებში განხორციელებული შრომის კანონმდებლობის რეფორმის სხვადასხვა ეტაპზე.
შრომის უსაფრთხოების სფეროში უახლესი რეფორმის მიღწევებისა და გამოწვევების საკითხის ანალიზი ეფუძნება საერთაშორისო ორგანიზაციების, შრომის ინსპექციის ყოველწლიური ანგარიშების ანალიზს, ასევე შრომის უსაფრთხოების სფეროში დაინტერესებულ პირთა წერილობითი და ზეპირსიტყვიერი გამოკითხვის შედეგებს, რომლებიც გამოკვეთს შრომის ინსპექტირების სფეროში საკანონმდებლო სრულყოფის წინადადებებს და აღსრულების ეფექტიანობის გაუმჯობესებისთვის რეკომენდაციებს.
კვლევის შედეგები განზოგადებულია შრომის უსაფრთხოების სფეროში უახლესი გამოწვევებისა და რეკომენდაციების სახით, რომელიც განსაზღვრავს კანონმდებლობის გაფართოებისა და აღსრულების ეფექტიანობის გაუმჯობესების წინადადებებს.
წყაროები
Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Georgia, of the other part, 27/06/2014.
The Organic Law of Georgia “On Occupational Safety,” 19/02/2019.
The Law of Georgia “On Occupational Safety,” 07.03.2018 (annulled).
The Law of Georgia “On Labour Inspection Service,” 29/09/2020.
Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work.
Council Directive 90/270/EEC of 29 May 1990 on the minimum safety and health requirements for work with display screen equipment (fifth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC.
Council Directive 89/656/EEC of 30 November 1989 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the use by workers of personal protective equipment at the workplace (third individual directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Council Directive 92/58/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the minimum requirements for the provision of safety and/or health signs at work (ninth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Council Directive 90/269/EEC of 29 May 1990 on the minimum health and safety requirements for the manual handling of loads where there is a risk, particularly of back injury to workers (fourth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Council Directive 89/654/EEC of 30 November 1989 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the workplace (first individual directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Council Directive 92/29/EEC of 31 March 1992 on the minimum safety and health requirements for improved medical treatment on board vessels.
Council Directive 92/57/EEC of 24 June 1992 on the implementation of minimum safety and health requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites (eighth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC.
Directive 2002/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (vibration) (sixteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Directive 2009/148/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to asbestos at work (Codified version) (Text with EEA relevance).
Directive 1999/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1999 on minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres (15th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Directive 2006/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents (artificial optical radiation) (19th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Council Directive 93/103/EC of 23 November 1993 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for work on board fishing vessels (thirteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Directive 2009/104/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers at work (second individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (Codification of the directive 89/655/EEC, which was amended by directives 95/63/EC and 2001/45/EC) (Text with EEA relevance).
Council Directive 92/91/EEC of 3 November 1992 concerning the minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers in the mineral- extracting industries through drilling (eleventh individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Council Directive 92/104/EEC of 3 December 1992 on the minimum requirements for improving the safety and health protection of workers in surface and underground mineral-extracting industries (twelfth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Directive 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Council Directive 89/391/EEC) (codified version) (Text with EEA relevance).
Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work (seventh individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Council Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work (fourteenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise) (Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
Commission Directive 91/322/EEC of 29 May 1991 on establishing indicative limit values by implementing Council Directive 80/1107/EEC on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to chemical, physical and biological agents at work.
Commission Directive 2000/39/EC of 8 June 2000 establishing a first list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work (Text with EEA relevance).
Commission Directive 2006/15/EC of 7 February 2006 establishing a second list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC and amending Directives 91/322/EEC and 2000/39/EC (Text with EEA relevance).
Commission Directive 2009/161/EU of 17 December 2009 establishing a third list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC and amending Commission Directive 2000/39/EC (Text with EEA relevance).
Council Directive 2010/32/EU of 10 May 2010 implementing the Framework Agreement on prevention from sharp injuries in the hospital and healthcare sector concluded by HOSPEEM and EPSU (Text with EEA relevance).
Ordinance #341 of July 1, 2022 of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Technical Regulation on Minimum Requirements for Safety and Health at Workplace.”
Ordinance #590 of December 23, 2022 of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Technical Regulation – Minimum Safety and Health Requirements for Using Personal Protective Equipment at Workplace.”
Ordinance #457 of September 16, 2022 of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Technical Regulation - on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety and/or Health Signs at Work.”
Ordinance #477 of October 27, 2017 of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of the Technical Regulation on the Safety Requirements for the Work at a Height.”
Ordinance #167 of May 1, 2023 of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of the Technical Regulation on the Minimum Safety and Health Requirements for Handling Weights Manually.”
Order #5 of December 13, 2018 of the Head of the Maritime Transport Agency of the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia “On the Approval of Minimum Safety and Health Standards on the Sea Vessels under the State Flag.”
Ordinance #19, dated 2016/18 January, of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Labour Conditions Monitoring State Program 2016” https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3165494?publication=0 [05.05.2024].
Ordinance #627, dated 2016/29 December, of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Labour Conditions Monitoring State Program 2017” https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3525727?publicaAon=0 [05.05.2024]
Ordinance #603, dated 2017/29 December, of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Labour Conditions Monitoring State Program 2018”, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3977116?publicaAon=0 [05.05.2024].
Ordinance #682, dated 2018/31 December, of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Labour Conditions Monitoring State Program 2019” https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4443902?publicaAon=0 [05.05.2024].
Ordinance #668, dated 2019/31 December, of the Government of Georgia “On the Approval of Labour Conditions Monitoring State Program 2020”, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4762946?publicaAon=0 [05.05.2024].
Ordinance #99, of 10 February, 2020, “On the Approval of the Rules and Conditions for Entry and Inspection of Entities Subject to Inspection” https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4796359?publication=3 [05.05.2024].
Ordinance of the Government of Georgia No. 80 dated February 6, 2020 “On the Approval of the Methods for Determining the Priority Directions of Economic Activities, and the Rules for Risk Assessment.”
Ordinance of the Government of Georgia No. 381 dated 27 July 2018 "On approval of the list of heavy, harmful and hazardous work involving an increased level of danger”. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4277583?publication=0 [05.05.2024].
Explanatory note on the Law of Georgia “On Labour Inspection Service.”
Survey on social and political issues, CRRC Georgia, https://csf.ge/wp-json/wi/validate/v1/file?wifile=wp-content/uploads/2019/04/CRRC-research.pdf [05.05.2024].
2023 Report of International Labour organization, https://www.ilo.org/budapest/countries-covered/georgia/WCMS_888396/lang--en/index.htm [05.05.2024].
Public Defender Human Rights Report - 2018, https://www.ombudsman.ge/res/docs/2019042620571319466.pdf [05.05.2024].
Activity Reports of the Labour Inspection Service – 2021-2022, https://lio.moh.gov.ge/report.php?lang=1&id=2 [05.05.2024].
Labour Inspection Service Assessment, Social Justice Center, 2021
Activity Reports of the Labour Inspection Department – 2015 – 2017
https://lio.moh.gov.ge/editor/upload/20230425042928-LCID%20Report%20_2015%20-%202017.pdf [05.05.2024].
Tskitischvili D., Natsvlishvili V., Kajaia S., Shvelidze Z., Decent Work Agenda – Assessment of Needs and the Agenda, Tbilisi, 2022.
Tchubabria T., Mamaladze E., Labour Inspection in Georgia, Challenges and the Road Ahead, Open Society Foundation, Social Justice Centre, 2022.
Labour Inspection Service YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/@LabourInspection [05.05.2024].
Association Agenda Between the European Union and Georgia 2017-2020, https://eurlex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1525315497163&uri=CELEX:22017D2445 [05.05.2024].
Fundamental Conventions of ILO, <https://www.ilo.org/international-labour-standards/conventions-protocols-and-recommendations> [05.05.2024].
C155 - Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981.
C187 - Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006.
C081 - Labour Inspection Convention, 1947.
C129 - Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Convention, 1969.
C161 - Occupational Health Services Convention, 1985.
C176 - Safety and Health in Mines Convention, 1995.
C189 - Domestic Workers Convention, 2011.
C102 - Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102).
C150 - Labour Administration Convention, 1978.
2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Georgia, U.S. Department of State, 2022, 55 https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/415610_GEORGIA-2022-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf [05.05.2024].
2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Georgia, U.S. Department of State, 2021, 84, https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/georgia/ [05.05.2024].
2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Georgia, U.S. Department of State, 2021, 78, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/GEORGIA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf [05.05.2024].
Analytical Report following the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council and the Council Commission Opinion on Georgia’s application for membership of the European Union, European Commission Joint Staff Working Document, Brussels, 1.2.2023 SWD(2023) 31 final, Chapter 19, Social Policy and Employment, 31, https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-02/SWD_2023_31_Georgia.pdf [05.05.2024].
Association Implementation Report on Georgia, European Commission, Brussels, 30.1.2019 SWD (2019) 16 final, 15, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/node/57453_en [05.05.2024].
Association Agenda between the European Union and Georgia, 2014-2016, 2017-2020, 2020-2023.
Collection and Use of Labour Inspection Statistics, A Short Guide, International Labour Organization, 2016, 5, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---lab_admin/documents/publication/wcms_537155.pdf [05.05.2024].
Council of European Union, Brussels, Association Implementation Report on Georgia, 2022, 10.8.2022 SWD (2022) 215 final, 17, https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2078335/ST_11784_2022_INIT_en.pdf%3B+filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27ST_11784_2022_INIT_en.pdf [05.05.2024].
Chanturidze G., Abolition of Labour Inspection in Georgia Consequences for Workers and the Economy, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Georgia, 2018, <https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/georgien/14675.pdf> [05.05.2024].
Diakonidze A., Labor and Employment Policy in Georgia – Facade Institutions, International Actors and Fighting of Ideas, 2018.
EMC, An Assessment of the Labour Inspection Mechanism, 2017, https://emcrights.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/research-labour-rights.pdf [05.05.2024].
Falkner G., Treib O., E., Compliance in the Enlarged European Union Living Rights Or Dead Letters? Ashgate, 2008, 54.
Guidelines on General Principles of Labour Inspection, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Ilo, 2022, Guidelines, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---lab_admin/documents/genericdocument/wcms_844153.pdf [05.05.2024].
Hale A.R., Hovden J., Management and culture: the third age of safety, in: Feyer A-M., Williamson A. (eds.), Occupational Injury: risk, prevention and intervention. London (UK): Taylor & Francis, 1998, 129-66.
Hughes Ph., Ferrett E., Introduction to Health and Safety at Work, Routledge, 2011, 81.
Health and Safety Commission (HSC), ACSNI Study Group on Human Factors. 3rd Report: Organizing for Safety. London (UK): HSC, 1993.
Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, „Labor Reform Under Threat“, July 3, 2020, https://shroma.ge/en/news-en/labor-reform-under-threat/ [05.05.2024].
Human Rights Watch, 2019, <https://www.hrw.org/ka/report/2020/01/08/332898> [05.05.2024].
Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, The European Parliament calls on Georgia to support the labor law reform, 17.09.2020, https://csogeorgia.org/index.php/en/newsPost/26012 [05.05.2024].
Human Rights Education and Monitoring Centre (EMC), „An Assessment of the Labour Inspection Mechanism and a Study of Labour Rights Conditions in Georgia”, 2017.
Georgian Trade Union Confederation, „What consequences can the lack of labor inspection lead to? April 28, 2014.
Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, EMC & GYLA: We Call on Parliament to Carry out Labor Reform, 22.06.2020. Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, Labor Relations and Social Protection During the Pandemic – Report on Georgia, 11.12.2020.
Human Rights Education and Monitoring Center, EMC: despite the positive changes, problems remain in labor law ”, September 29, 2020.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, December 16, 1966, Art. 7 (b) https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/1483577?publication=0 [05.05.2024].
ILO Standards on Occupational Safety and Health, Promoting a Safe and Healthy Working Environment, International Labour Office, Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009, 66, https://www.google.ge/books/edition/ILO_Standards_on_Occupational_Safety_and/-rqvnMH_n8MC?hl=ka&gbpv=1 [05.05.2024].
ILO launches a Capacity Building Programme for Labour Inspection in Georgia, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/news/WCMS_735852/lang--en/index.htm [05.05.2024].
COVID-19 Impact on Labour Disputes and Case Law Developments in Georgia Discussed at Bench-Bar Meeting, COVID-19 Impact on Labour Disputes and Case Law Developments in Georgia Discussed at Bench-Bar Meeting, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/news/WCMS_851395/lang--en/index.htm [05.05.2024].
ILO, Strong Labour Laws Make Decent Work a Reality, https://www.ilo.org/resource/strong-labour-laws-make-decent-work-reality [05.05.2024].
International Labor Organization, Progress Assessment of the Labour Inspection System in the Republic of Georgia Chapter II. International Labour Standards, 2016, 3.
ILO Curriculum on Building Modern and Effective Labour Inspection Systems, Policy and Planning of Labour Inspection, Module 3, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---lab_admin/documents/genericdocument/wcms_856563.pdf [05.05.2024].
ILO, Georgia’s Parliament adopts historic labour law reform package, 2020, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/news/WCMS_758336/lang--en/index.htm [05.05.2024].
ILO Approach to Strategic Compliance Planning for Labour Inspectorates, 2017, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---lab_admin/documents/publication/wcms_606471.pdf [05.05.2024].
Jorens Y., The Lighthouse Function of Social Law, Proceedings of the ISLSSL XIV European Regional Congress Ghent 2023, Springer, 2023, 599-610.
Joint Staff Working Document, Association Implementation Report on Georgia, Brussels, 25.11.2016 SWD (2016) 423 final, 2016, https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/1_en_jswd_georgia.pdf [05.05.2024].
Kardava E., Jgerenaia E., Labour Righrs Protection as part of the European Integration Policy - Perspectives of Developments within the AA, The VLAP and the Social Charter, 2016, 7, https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/georgien/13152.pdf [05.05.2024].
Kim Y., Park J., Park M., Creating a Culture of Prevention in Occupational Safety and Health Practice, Safety and Health at Work, 7, 2016, 90.
Kogi K., Work Improvement and Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems: Common Features and Research Needs, Industrial Health 2002, 40, 126.
Labour Inspection Service Assessment, Social Justice Center, 2021.
Labour Inspection, International Labour Office, International Labour Conference, 95th Session, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006, 29-47, 54-59, 72-75, 94.
Labour Rights in Georgia, Research Report, 2021, 6-7, https://georgia.peopleinneed.net/media/publications/1653/file/labour-rights-in-georgia_people-in-need.pdf [05.05.2024].
Labour inspection and monitoring of recruitment of migrant workers, Labour Migration branch Labour Administration, Labour Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health branch, ILO, Final Draft 2022, https://www.fairrecruitmenthub.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/Brief%20-%20Labour%20inspection%20and%20monitoring%20of%20recruitment%20of%20migrant%20workers.pdf [05.05.2024].
Liu K., Protection of Health and Safety at the Workplace A Comparative Legal Study of the European Union and China, Springer Nature Singapore, 2020, 1-227.
Migration, Globalization and Decent Work: What Role for Labour Inspection? A Panel Contribution, International Association of Labour Inspection, 11th Congress 13-14 June 2005 Geneva, International Labour Organization, https://www.globalmigrationpolicy.org/articles/globalization/Migration,%20Globalization,%20Decent%20Work%20-What%20Role%20for%20Labour%20Inspection,%20TARAN%20-IALI%20Geneva%20Jun06-1.pdf [05.05.2024].
Overview of the informal economy in the European Union, https://www.ilo.org/budapest/WCMS_751319/lang--en/index.htm [05.05.2024].
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General comment No. 23 (2016) on the right to just and favourable conditions of work (article 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), 7 April 2016, 44th session, E/C.12/GC/23, https://www.refworld.org/docid/5550a0b14.html [05.05.2024].
Rantanen J., Occupational health services for the informal sectorAfrica Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety, No. 2, 2009 [cited 2015 Sep 17], https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1817647 [05.05.2024].
R133 - Labour Inspection (Agriculture) Recommendation, 1969 (No. 133), https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R133 [05.05.2024].
Samanta S., Gochhayat J., Critique on occupational safety and health in construction sector: An Indian perspective, Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 80, Part 3, 2023, 3016-3021, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214785321049701?via%3Dihub [05.05.2024].
Sivakami N., Acharya S.S., Panneer S., Health, Safety and Well-Being of Workers in the Informal Sector in IndiaLessons for Emerging Economies, Springer Nature Singapore, 2019, 1-274.
Sousa V., Almeida N.M., Dias L.A., Risk-based management of occupational safety and health in the construction industry – Part 1: Background knowledge, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and GeoResources, Universidade de Lisboa – IST, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon, Safety Science 66 (2014) 75–86, Portugal 1049-001.
Supporting Compliance of Occupational Safety and Health Requirements – European Labour Inspections Systems of Sanctions and Standardised Measures, European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2023, 1-5, https://osha.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Supporting-Compliance-Workplace-Safety-Requirements_EN.pdf [05.05.2024].
Supporting decent work and the transition towards formalization through technology-enhanced labour inspection https://www.ilo.org/static/english/intserv/working-papers/wp041/index.html#:~:text=The%20ILO's%20policy%20and%20technical,countries%20(ILO%2C%202006) [05.05.2024].
Świątkowski A. M., Labour Law, Council of Europe, Fifth Edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2023, ebook, note 467.
Training on International Labour Standards and Labour Code for City Court Judges in Georgia, <https://www.ilo.org/moscow/news/WCMS_850521/lang--en/index.htm> [05.05.2024].
Williams C.C., A Modern Guide to the Informal Economy, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023, 165-166.
Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture. Third edition, International Labour Organization, 2018, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_626831.pdf [05.05.2024].
ჩამოტვირთვები
გამოქვეყნებული
როგორ უნდა ციტირება
გამოცემა
სექცია
ლიცენზია
ეს ნამუშევარი ლიცენზირებულია Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 საერთაშორისო ლიცენზიით .
