კონკურენტული ნეიტრალიტეტის პრინციპი: თეორია და პრაქტიკა
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60131/jlaw.2.2021.3632საკვანძო სიტყვები:
კონკურენტული ნეიტრალიტეტი, სახელმწიფო კომპანიები, მეწარმე სახელმწიფო.ანოტაცია
კონკურენტული ნეიტრალიტეტის პრინციპი სახელმწიფოს მიერ სამეწარმეო საქმიანობის განხორციელებისას მნიშვნელოვან კონცეფციას წარმოადგენს. მისი შინაარსი შეიძლება, შეჯამდეს შემდეგნაირად: როდესაც ხელისუფლების ორგანოებს ეკუთვნით სამეწარმეო იურიდიული პირები, ამ უკანასკნელთ არ უნდა მიენიჭოთ არანაირი უპირატესობა იმავე ბაზარზე არსებულ კონკურენტ კერძო მეწარმეებთან შედარებით.
რაც უფრო დიდია სახელმწიფოს როლი ბიზნესში, მით უფრო მნიშვნელოვანი ხდება კონკურენტული ნეიტრალიტეტის პრინციპის დაცვა. შესაბამისად, შემუშავებულია როგორც აქტიური, ისე პასიური ზომები, რომელთა პრაქტიკაში გატარება აღნიშნული პრინციპის რეალიზებისთვის აუცილებელია. ამიტომ სახელმწიფომ უნდა უზრუნველყოს შესაბამისი ნაბიჯების გადადგმა ასეთი ზომების მისაღებად.
იმის გათვალისწინებით, რომ საქართველოში ხელისუფლება კომერციული ურთიერთობის აქტიური მონაწილეა, მნიშვნელოვანია საჭირო ქმედებების განხორციელება და კონკურენტული ნეიტრალიტეტის პრინციპის რეალური გამოყენება. სწორედ ამიტომ, წინამდებარე ნაშრომში განხილულია თავად პრინციპის შინაარსი, მისი იმპლემენტაციისათვის საჭირო ნაბიჯები და საქართველოში არსებული მდგომარეობის მათთან შესაბამისობა.
წყაროები
Georgian Law on Oil and Gas, LHG, 13(20), 16/04/1999.
Order № 93 of May 13, 2013 of the Minister of Energy of Georgia on Affirming the Bylaws of LEPL “Oil and Gas State Agency”.
Ordinance № 230 of June 2, 2011 of the Georgian Government on affirming the Bylaws of JSC “Partnership Fund” and Forming its Capital.
Ordinance № 299 of November 25, 2013 of the Georgian Government on Granting the Status of the State Oil Company to JSC “Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation”.
Ordinance № 411 of August 16, 2021 of the Georgian Government on Enacting the Special Rules for Purchasing of Goods and Services by “Georgian Post” Ltd.
Ordinance № 506 of November 30, 2017 of the Georgian Government on Enacting the Special Rules for Purchasing of Goods and Services by JSC “Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation”.
Ordinance № 587 of September 18, 2020 of the Georgian Government on Enacting the Special Rules for Purchasing of Goods and Services by JSC “United Airports of Georgia”.
Order № 1-3/815 of September 4, 2012 of the Chairman of LEPL “Company Governance Agency” on Affirming the Bylaws of “United of Airports of Georgia” LLC.
Albers M., Achieving Competitive Neutrality Step-By-Step, World Competition Journal, № 41(4), 2018, 495-512.
Argy F., National Competition Policy: Some Issues. Agenda, № 9(1), 2002, 33-46.
Bezzobs T., The Trade Practices Act, Competitive Neutrality, and Research Costing Issues for Australian Universities, Australian Universities’ Review, № 51(1), 2009, 21-29.
Borlini L. S., When the Leviathan Goes to the Market: A Critical Evaluation of the Rules Governing State-Owned Enterprises in Trade Agreements, Leiden Journal of International Law, № 33(2), 2019, 1-32.
Cuniberti G., The International Market for Contracts: The Most Attractive Contract Laws, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, № 34(3), 2014, 455-517.
Dutta N., Sobel R., Does Corruption Ever Help Entrepreneurship?, Small Business Economics, № 47(1), 2016, 179-199.
Fletcher G. S., Legitimate yet Manipulative: The Conundrum of Open-Market Manipulation. Duke Law Journal, № 68. 2018. 479-554.
Fox E., Healey D., When the State Harms Competition: The Role for Competition Law. Antitrust Law Journal, № 79(3). 2014. 769-820.
Gallagher M., Reform and Openness: Why China’s Economic Reforms Have Delayed Democracy, World Politics Journal, № 54, 2002, 338-372.
Goldeng E., Grunfeld L. A., Benito G., The Performance Differential between Private and State-Owned Enterprises: The Roles of Ownership, Management and Market Structure, Journal of Management Studies, № 45(7), 2008, 1244-1273.
Graetz M. J., Warren A. C., Income Tax Discrimination: Still Stuck in the Labyrinth of Impossibility, The Yale Law Journal, № 121, 2012, 1118-1167.
Grossi G., Papenfuss, U., Tremblay, M., Corporate Governance and Accountability of State-Owned Enterprises Relevance for Science and Society and Interdisciplinary Research Perspectives, International Journal of Public Sector Management, № 28(4), 2015, 274-285.
Healey D., Competitive Neutrality, and the Role of Competition Authorities: A Glance at Experiences in Europe and Asia-Pacific, Revista de Defesa da Concorrência, № 7(1), 2019, 51-68.
Healey D., Smith R. L., Competitive neutrality in Australia: Opportunity for Policy Development. Competition & Consumer Law Journal, № 25, 2018, 223-248.
Huang K., Liu Z., Tian G., Promote Competitive Neutrality to Facilitate China’s Economic Development: Outlook, Policy Simulations, and Reform Implementation: A Summary of the Annual SUFE Macroeconomic Report (2019–2020), Frontiers of Economics in China, № 15(1), 2020, 1-24.
Kim M., Regulating the Visible Hands: Development of Rules on State-Owned Enterprises in Trade Agreements. Harvard International Law Journal, № 58(1), 2017, 225-272.
Kirkbride J., Letza S., Smallman C., Minority Shareholders and Corporate Governance: Reflections on the Derivative Action in the UK, the USA and in China, International Journal of Law and Management, № 51(4), 2009, 206-219.
Krafve L. J., To Design Free Choice and Competitive Neutrality: The Construction of a Market in Primary Health Care, Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, № 15(4), 2012, 45-66.
Kwan C. H., China’s Unfinished Ownership Reform: Privatization and a Fair and Competitive Environment Remain to be Achieved, Public Policy Review, № 16(3), 2020, 1-26.
Lopes Júnior E. P., Camara S. F., Rocha L. G., Brasil A., Influence of Corruption on State-Owned Enterprise Expenditures, Brazilian Journal of Public Administration, № 52(4), 2018, 695-711.
Mason R., Knoll M. S., What Is Tax Discrimination?, The Yale Law Journal, № 121, 2012, 1014-1116.
Milhaupt C. J., Pargendler M., Governance Challenges of Listed State-Owned Enterprises around the World: National Experiences and a Framework for Reform, Cornell International Law Journal, № 50(3), 2017, 473-542.
Matsushita M., Lim C., Taming Leviathan as Merchant: Lingering Questions about the Practical Application of Trans-Pacific Partnership's State-Owned Enterprises Rules, World Trade Review, № 19(3), 2020, 402-423.
Modou D., Yun L. H., An Empirical Investigation of Causal Relationship of Chinese FDI to African Economies, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, № 7(3), 2017, 199-207.
Mosca M., On the Origins of the Concept of Natural Monopoly: Economies of Scale and Competition, European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, № 15(2), 2008, 317-353.
Pan L., Construction of Public Enterprises with a Comprehensive Model in China: Principles, Foundations and Guarantees, Cambridge Journal of China Studies, № 14(4), 2019, 16-30.
Ramaiah A. K., The Competition Neutrality in Malaysia: Challenges and Policy Options, Journal of International Business, Economics and Entrepreneurship, № 3(2), 2018, 45-54.
Room R., The Evolution of Alcohol Monopolies and Their Relevance for Public Health, Contemporary Drug Problems, № 20, 1993, 169-187.
Sadiq K., Richardson C., Tax Concessions for Charities: Competitive Neutrality, the Tax Base and "Public Goods" Choice, Australian Tax Forum: a Journal of Taxation Policy, Law and Reform, № 25(4), 2010, 401-416.
Sakyi K. A., Public Corporation Monopolies - Case Study of Sale of Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG), Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, № 6(4), 2019, 148-167.
Shaver E. B., Two Paths to Development: Policy Channeling and Listed State-Owned Enterprise Management in Peru and Colombia, University of Pennsylvania Journal of Business Law, № 21(4), 2019, 1006-1033.
Shirley M., Bureaucrats in Business: The Roles of Privatization Versus Corporatization in State-Owned Enterprise Reform, World Development Journal, № 27(1), 1999, 115-136.
Talus K., Long-Term Natural Gas Contracts and Antitrust Law in the European Union and the United States, The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, № 4(3), 2011, 260-315.
Valkama P., Virtanen M., Competitive Neutrality and Distortion of Competition: A Conceptual View, World Competition Journal, № 32(3), 2009, 393-407.
Waldron J., Is the Rule of Law an Essentially Contested Concept (In Florida)? Law and Philosophy, № 21(2), 2002, 137-164.
Willemyns I., Disciplines on State-Owned Enterprises in International Economic Law: Are We Moving in the Right Direction?, Journal of International Economic Law, № 19(3), 2016, 657-680.
Yun M., An Analysis of the New Trade Regime for State-Owned Enterprises under the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, Journal of East Asian Economic Integration, № 20(1), 2016, 3-35.
Zwalf S., Competitive Neutrality in Public-Private Partnership Evaluations: A Non-Neutral Interpretation in Comparative Perspective, Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, № 39(4), 2017, 225-237.
Decision of April 18, 2019 case № 1/1/655 of Georgian Constitutional Court.
Consolidated Audited Financial Report of JSC “Partnership Fund”, 2019, https://fund.ge/upload/media/PF_Consolidated_FS2019GEO.pdf [05.01.2022] (in Georgian).
Georgian National Competition Agency, https://competition.ge/about-us/what-we-do [05.01.2022].
JSC “Partnership Fund”, https://www.fund.ge/who-we-are [05.01.2022].
“United Airports of Georgia” LLC, http://airports.ge/index.php/ka/about-us/goals-and-objectives [05.01.2022].
Academician Nikoloz Kipshidze Central University Clinic, http://respublikuri.ge/%e1%83%a9%e1%83%95%e1%83%94%e1%83%9c-%e1%83%a8%e1%83%94%e1%83%a1%e1%83%90%e1%83%ae%e1%83%94%e1%83%91/ [05.01.2022].
“Georgian Post” Ltd, https://www.gpost.ge/?site-lang=ka&site-path=company/about/ [Last accessed on 05.01.2022].
http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=-&sec_id=541&info_id=75207[05.01.2022].
ჩამოტვირთვები
გამოქვეყნებული
როგორ უნდა ციტირება
გამოცემა
სექცია
ლიცენზია
ეს ნამუშევარი ლიცენზირებულია Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 საერთაშორისო ლიცენზიით .
