Feasibility of Applying Case Law of Ad Hoc International Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia in Cases of Sexual offences committed by Coercion
Keywords:
Definition of rape, sexual violence, consent of a victim, penetration, ICTY, ICC.Abstract
The effective functioning of mechanism of the national human rights protection implies approximation of national legislation towards international standards and refining the practice of national courts, which should be a continuous process and be aimed at adapting best international judicial practice to national judicial practice. In order to ensure adherence to high standards of universally recognised human rights it is essential and thus decisive significance is assigned to share practice of various countries and international institutions.
In the present article, discussing the stages of the evolutionary development of the definition of rape and distinguishing it from the crime of torture is based on analysis of landmark decision of the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (hereinafter referred as ICTY) the purpose of which is to introduce and apply them in judicial practice and thus to improve the reasoning of the decisions of national courts in similar cases.
References
Constitution of Georgia, Departments of the Parliament of Georgia, 31-33, 24/08/1995.
Criminal Code of Georgia, LHG, 41(48), 22/07/1999.
Law of Georgia on International Treaties of Georgia, Parliamentary Gazette, 44, 11/11/1997.
Organic Law of Georgia on Common Courts, LHG, 41, 16/10/1997.
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 16/07/2003.
Inter-American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica”, 22/11/1969, <https://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_b-32_american_convention_on_human_rights.pdf> [22.08.2017].
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY Statute), UN Security Council, (UNSC Res. 808, 22/02/1993), 25/05/1993, <http://www.icty.org/x/file/Legal%20Library/Statute/statute_sept09_en.pdf> [24.09.2018].
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Security Council resolution 827 (1993) of 25/05/1993, document S/RES/827, art. 5, <https://casebook.icrc.org/case-study/un-statute-icty> [12.12.2018].
Statute of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 (International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia), Art.1, <https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/InternationalTribunalForTheFormerYugoslavia.aspx> [06.8.2018].
Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Randa, UNSC Res. 955, 08/11/1994, <http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/955> [10.10.2018].
Barkan J., As Old as War Itself: Rape in Foca, Dissent Magazine Winter, 2002 <http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=633> [18.08 2018].
Control Council Law No. 10, Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace And Against Humanity, <https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/ffda62/pdf/> [12.12.2018].
Contemporary Forms of Slavery: Systematic Rape, Sexual Slavery and Slavery-like Practices during Armed Conflict, Final Report submitted by Ms. McDougall Gay J., Special Rapporteur, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/13, 22/06/1998, § 55, <http://www.awf.or.jp/pdf/h0056.pdf> [10.11.2018].
Ghosh G., Tiwari S., The Evolving Jurisprudence of Rape as a War Crime, International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies, Vol. 1, Issue 6, 2018, 38.
Haddad H. N., Mobilizing the Will to Prosecute: Crimes of Rape at the Yugoslav and Rwandan Tribunals, Journal Human Rights Review, 2011, Vol. 12, Number 1, 109.
Klip A. H., Sluiter G. K. (Goran), Annotated Leading Cases Of International Criminal Tribunals, Vol. VIII, The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 2001-2002, Intersentia, Antwerp Oxford, 2005, 939, 940, 950.
O'Brien M., Sexual Exploitation and Beyond: Using the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court to Prosecute UN Peacekeepers for Gender-based Crimes, International Criminal Law Review, 11(4), 2011), 803-827.
Mertus J., Judgment of Trial Chamber II in the Kunarac, Kovac and Vukovic Case, American Society for International Law, 2001, <https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/6/issue/6/judgment-trial-chamber-ii-kunarac-kovac-and-vukovic-case> [07.09.2018].
Question of the human rights of all persons subjected to any form of detention or imprisonment, in particular: torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Nigel S. Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/32, E/CN.4/1995/34, §16. <http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/commission/thematic51/34.htm> [24.08.2017].
Report by the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Kooijmans P., appointed pursuant to commission on human rghts resolution 1985/33, § 119. <http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/CHR/report/E-CN_4-1986-15.pdf> [24.08.2017].
Report of the Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court. Finalised draft text of the elements of crimes, UN Doc. PCNICC/2000/INF/3/Add.2, 6.07.2000, <https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/blob/229242/7295447c97512a3ca7cfe5970d729239/dl-elementsofcrime-data.pdf > [24.11.2018].
Summary record of the 21st meeting, held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on Tuesday, E/CN.4/1992/SR.21, 11.02.1992: Economic and Social Council, Commission on Human Rights, 48th session, §35, <http://hr-travaux.law.virginia.edu/document/cped/ecn41992sr21/nid-2460> [24.08.2017].
Weiner P., The Evolving Jurisprudence of the Crime of Rape in International Criminal Law, B.C.L.J., Vol. 54, Iss. 3, 2013, 1209-1233, <https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/bclr/vol54/iss3/14/> [10.02.2019].
Fernando and Raquel Mejia v. Peru, Case № 10.970, [1996], Inter-Am.C.H.R., Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report No. 5/96, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.91 Doc. 7,1996, 157, <http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/cases/1996/peru5-96.htm> [22.08.2017].
Hassan v. the United Kingdom, [2014], ECHR, (Grand Chamber), §77, <http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-153400> [19.11.2018].
Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac and Zoran Vukovic, Appeal Chamber (AC) , Case number IT-96-23 & IT-96-23/1-A, ICTY Judgement, 12.06.2002, § 125, 129, <http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/acjug/en/kun-aj020612e.pdf> [25.08.2018].
Prosecutor v. Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac and Zoran Vukovic (Kunarac TC), Trial Chamber (TC) II, Case № IT-96-23-T & IT-96-23/1-T, ICTY Judgement, 22.02.2001, §. 181, 438-440, 442, 453-456, 457, 460, 496-497, <http://www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/tjug/en/kun-tj010222e.pdf> [25.08.2018].
Prosecutor v. Anto Furundzija, ICTY Trial Judgement, 10.12.1998, § 185, <http://www.icty.org/x/cases/furundzija/tjug/en/> [29.11.18].
Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delali, Zdravko Muci, Hazim Deli and Esad Lando, Case № IT-96-21-T, ICTY Judgement, 16.11.1998, § 478, 483, 486, 491, 492, 495, 495, <http://www.icty.org/x/cases/mucic/tjug/en/981116_judg_en.pdf> [06.08.2017].
Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, Case № ICTR–96-4-T, ICTR Trial Chamber I, 02.09.1998, § 241, 597, <http://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/pdf/AKAYESU%20-20JUDGEMENT.pdf> [06.08.2017].
Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara, Kanu, Trial Judgement, Case No. SCSL-04-16-T, SCSL, 20.06.2007, § 693-694, <http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/Decisions/AFRC/613/SCSL-04-16-T-613s.pdf> [12.02.2019].
Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon, Gbao, Case No. SCSL-04-15-T, SCSL, 02.03.2009, § 143-148, <http://www.rscsl.org/Documents/Decisions/RUF/1234/SCSL-04-15-T-1234-searchable.pdf> [12.02.2019].
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
