Organized Crime as a Transnational Threat in the Modern Period

Authors

  • Levan Dzneladze

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.60131/jlaw.1.2025.9286

Keywords:

Organized Crime, Transnational Organized Crime, Transnational Threat, Complicity in Crime.

Abstract

The paper addresses one of the primary challenges of the modern era: both nationally and internationally organized crime and the threats it poses. Effectively combating crimes of this nature is the primary legal obligation of any democratic state, and at this juncture, it remains an unresolved issue, which undoubtedly highlights the significance of the research.

The article is based on an analysis of doctrine, legislation, and judicial practice. It reviews the main provisions of organized and transnational organized crime, as well as the existing challenges.

This study aims to identify effective measures for combating organized crime and transnational organized crime, as well as to address relevant issues.

Author Biography

Levan Dzneladze

PhD Student  in Criminal Law at the Faculty of Law, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University; Head of the Investigative Department at the Investigation Service of the Ministry of Finance.

References

Criminal Code of Georgia, 24/08/1999.

United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 15/11/2000.

Council of Europe Convention on Criminal Laundering, Finding, Removal and Confiscation and Terrorism Financing, 16/05/2005.

Convention on Finding, Removing and Confiscating Revenues Resulting from Money Laundering, Criminal Activities, 8/11/1990.

Convention Against Bribery by Foreign Civil Servants in International Business Transactions, 21/11/1997.

Convention on Combating Corruption, 11/11/1997.

Directive (EU) 2024/1260 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Asset Recovery and Confiscation, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1260/oj [05.08.2024].

Aleksidze L., Modern International Law, Tbilisi, 2001, 228.

Avanesov G. A. (ed.), Criminology, Tbilisi, 2007, 570 (in Georgian).

Akyunal T., On the Global Reception of Swiss Civil Law in Turkey, Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Georgia, 1992, No. 2.

Bassiouni M., Effective National and International Action Against Organized Crime and Terrorist Criminal Activities, 4 Emory Int'l L. Rev. (1990) [24.08.2025].

Bjorgo T., Crime Prevention, Tbilisi, 2016, 24.

Borgstede G., Cultural Property, the Palermo Convention and Transnational Organized Crime, 21 IJCP (2014), 283 [24.08.2025].

Brazier M. L., The European Union’s Hot Pursuit of Organized Crime Groups, 7 New Eng. Int’l & Comp. L. Ann. (2001), 262–265 [24.08.2025].

Clark R. S., The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 50 Wayne L. Rev. (2004), 167 [24.08.2025].

Ciklauri-Lammich E., Menschenraub, ein blühendes Gewerbe in der Kaukasusregion, Monatshefte für Osteuropäisches Recht, Hrsg. Dr. Günter Tontsch, Hamburg, 2000, 2–9.

Ciklauri-Lammich E., The Problem of Crime Between Late Migrants from ISC in Germany, Georgian Lawyers, Tiflis, 2001, 45–51 (Georgian, English).

Ciklauri-Lammich E., Kapitel 2 Abschnitt 2. Der Kampf gegen die Korruption in den europäischen Ländern, in Die Korruption in Georgien: Kriminologische Analysen und Kommentare der gerichtlichen Praxis, Hrsg. TSU & Tsereteli Inst., Tiflis, 2010, 50–76 (Georgian).

Ciopec F., Compatibility of Romanian Legislation with the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 39 Zbornik Radova (2005), 213 [24.08.2025].

Ciklauri-Lammich E. und Paoli L., Crime Industry: Bekämpfung des ungesetzlichen Umsatzes und Konsums von Drogen auf dem Gebiet der russischen Föderation, Prawo i Politika, St. Petersburg, 2002, 29–34 (in Russian).

Combating Organized Crime 2021–2024 National Strategy, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/5256554?publication=0 [03.08.2024].

Dgebuadze G., Doctrine of Individual Crime and Precedent Law in International Criminal Law, Tbilisi, 2021, 115–116 (in Georgian).

Dugato M., Favarin S., & Giommoni L., Risks and Rewards of Organized Crime Investments in Real Estate, 55 Brit. J. Criminology (2015), 944 [24.08.2025].

Dzneladze L., Confiscation as a Necessary Criminal Mechanism for Combating Transnational Organized Crime, Journal of Law, No. 2, 2024, 236–242.

EU SOCTA 2021 – Serious and Organized Crime Assessment Report, https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/socta2021_1.pdf [03.08.2024].

The EU Strategy to Tackle Organised Crime 2021–2025, https://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021DC0170&qid=1632306192409 [03.08.2024].

Feradze G., On the History of the Prosecution Service in Georgia, Essays I, VI–XVIII Centuries, Tbilisi, 2017.

Gamkrelidze O., The Problem of Criminal Unrighteousness and the Grounds for Punishability of Participation, Tbilisi, 1989.

Global Financial Integrity, About Transnational Organized Crime, https://gfintegrity.org/issue/transnational-crime [03.08.2024].

Global Organized Crime Index 2023, https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Global-organized-crime-index-2023-web-compressed-compressed.pdf [08.09.2025].

Godziashvili I., Criminology, Tbilisi, 1998, 179 (in Georgian).

Guymon C., International Legal Mechanisms for Combating Transnational Organized Crime: The Need for a Multilateral Convention, 18 Berkeley J. Int’l (2000), 61–73 [24.08.2025].

Hauck P. & Peterke S., Organized Crime and Gang Violence in National and International Law, 92 Int’l Rev. Red Cross (2010), 408 [24.08.2025].

Internationale Organisierte Kriminalität, Hrsg. Prof. Dr. Ulrich Sieber, Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, Köln–Berlin–Bonn–München, 1996, 6–8.

Kekoshvili V., The Impact of the Subculture of Thieves on the Socialization of Adolescents in Post-Soviet Georgia (dissertation), Tbilisi, 2019, 29 (in Georgian).

Law of Georgia on Organized Crime and Racketeering (20 December 2005), https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/27814?publication=1 [25.09.2025].

Lobzhanidze G. & Ghlonti G., Thieves in Law: History and Reality (Monograph), Tbilisi, 2004, 46, 55 (in Georgian).

Mapping the Risk of Serious and Organized Crime Infiltrating Legitimate Businesses, https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ab3534a2-87a0-11eb-ac4c-01aa75ed71a1/language-en [24.08.2025].

Mumladze D. & Dzneladze L., Fight Against Organized Crime (Mafia): Comparative Legal Analysis, Justice, No. 2, 2008, 35.

Orlovska N. & Stepanova J., Confiscation of Proceeds and Property Related to Crimes: International Standards and the ECHR Practice, 10 Juridical Trib. (2020), 499–500 [24.08.2025].

Proceedings G., General Criminal Justice, Tbilisi, 2007, 189.

Proceedings G. (ed.), Problems of Criminalization and Law Enforcement of Modern Manifestations of Organized Crime in Georgian Criminal Law, Tbilisi, 2012, 22, 528.

Prosecutor’s Office of Georgia 2022–2027 Strategy, https://pog.gov.ge/uploads/7f5da215-saqarTvelos-prokuraturis-2022-2027-wlebisstrategia.pdf [03.08.2024].

Shelley L., Transnational Organized Crime and Seized Assets: Moral Dilemmas Concerning the Disposition of the Fruits of Crime, 7 Maastricht J. Eur. & Comp. (2000), 35–38 [24.08.2025].

Shalikashvili M., Criminology, Tbilisi, 2011, 84 (in Georgian).

Tkesheladze G. (ed.), General Part of Criminal Law, Tbilisi, 2004, 55, 195, 220.

Tkesheladze G., Responsibility for the Unity of Crimes, Tbilisi, 1985, 32.

Tsulaia Z., Criminology (General Part), Tbilisi, 2003, 224 (in Georgian).

Tsereteli T., Complicity in Crime, Tbilisi, 1965, 7–8 (in Georgian).

Tumanishvili G., Jishkariani B., & Shrami E. (eds.), Influence of European and International Law on Georgian Criminal Procedure Law, Tbilisi, 2019, 800–801.

Turava M., Criminal Law, General Part Review (Eighth Edition), Tbilisi, 2010, 272–279 (in Georgian).

UNODC, About Transnational Organized Crime, https://www.unodc.org/toc/en/crimes/organized-crime.html [03.08.2024].

UNODC, Organized Crime Strategy Toolkit for Developing High-Impact Strategies, https://sherloc.unodc.org/cld/uploads/pdf/Strategies/OC_Strategy_Toolkit_Ebook.pdf [07.09.2025].

United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, https://matsne.gov.ge/document/view/1485286?publication=0 [27.09.2025].

Ugrekhelidze M., Charged in Hazard Delicts, Tbilisi, 1982, 60 (in Georgian).

Von Lingenthal K. E. Z., Geschichte des Griechisch-Römischen Rechts, Aalen in Württemberg, 1955.

Wessels I. & Boyle V., General Criminal Justice, Tbilisi, 2010, 290–299.

White Paper on Transnational Organized Crime (2015), https://edoc.coe.int/en/organised-crime/6837-white-paper-on-transnational-organised-crime.html [24.08.2025].

Zagaris B., U.S. International Cooperation Against Transnational Organized Crime, 44 Wayne L. Rev. (1998), 1402 [24.08.2025].

Interpol https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/What-is-INTERPOL [08.09.2025].

Verdict No 1/2716-23 of December 04, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/2046-23 of November 22, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/2540-23 of November 20, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/164-23 of November 14, 2023 of Telavi District Court.

Verdict No 1/5861-23 of November 10, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4242-23 of October 19, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4731-23 of 17 October 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3091-22 of October 06, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Judgment No 1/2860-23 of September 27, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Judgment No 1/3555-22 of September 14, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/7178-22 of July 25, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/2476-22 of July 11, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3114-23 of 26 June 2023 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/6282-22 of 21 June 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/1579-23 of 12 June 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4977-22 of May 02, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4583-22 of April 05, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/7177-22 of 30 March 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1b/2124-22 of March 16, 2023 of the Tbilisi Court of Appeals.

Verdict No 1/3444-22 of February 16, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4582-22 of 14 March 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4212-22 of 14 March 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3423-22 of February 13, 2023 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/2777-22 of the Tbilisi City Court of January 16, 2023.

Verdict No 1/2742-22 of the Tbilisi City Court of January 06, 2023.

Verdict No 1/2641-22 of December 26, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/6471-22 of December 16, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3450-22 of October 12, 2022 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/107-22 of September 20, 2022 of Akhaltsikhe District Court.

Verdict No 1/374-22 of the Tbilisi City Court of September 16, 2022.

Verdict No 1/968-22 of the Tbilisi City Court of September 13, 2022.

Verdict No 1/5937-19 of September 13, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3065-20 of September 08, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Judgment No 1/1832-22 of July 20, 2022 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/385-22 of 16 June 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4642-21 of 13 June 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/1434-22 of the 31 May 2022 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/2638-22 of May 23, 2022 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/292-22 of May 04, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/1947-22 of April 20, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Judgment No 1/3333-21 of 15 April 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/2181-21 of 12 April 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/237-21 of April 06, 2022 of the Bolnisi District Court.

Verdict No 1-514-21 of April 05, 2022 of Rustavi City Court.

Verdict No 1/226-21 of April 05, 2022 of Bolnisi District Court.

Verdict No 1/4408-21 of April 01, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3845-21 of 25 March 2022 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Judgment No 1/1349-21 of 17 March 2022 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4855-19 of 16 March 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/947-22 of 15 March 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3270-21 of February 14, 2022 of Tbilisi City Court.

Judgment No 1/5491-21 of December 27, 2021 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1-334-21 of December 10, 2021 of the Rustavi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3934-21 of October 29, 2021 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/468-21 of September 23, 2021 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4280-21 of October 11, 2021 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/3434-21 of July 27, 2021 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/4697-20 of 11 May 2021 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/996-21 of April 23, 2021 of Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/664-20 of the Kutaisi City Court of April 07, 2021.

Verdict No 1/3252-20 of 17 March 2021 of the Tbilisi City Court.

Verdict No 1/465-20 of March 05, 2021 of Zugdidi District Court.

Verdict No 1/3309-22 of February 18, 2021 of Tbilisi City Court.

Published

2025-06-30

How to Cite

Dzneladze, L. (2025). Organized Crime as a Transnational Threat in the Modern Period. Journal of Law , (1), 350–382 (Geo). https://doi.org/10.60131/jlaw.1.2025.9286

Issue

Section

Articles

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.